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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2025.06.23 Council Workshop Packet AGENDA City Council Workshop Meeting 7:00 PM - Monday, June 23, 2025 Pasco City Hall, Council Chambers & Microsoft Teams Webinar Page 1. MEETING INSTRUCTIONS for REMOTE ACCESS - Individuals, who would like to provide public comment remotely, may continue to do so by filling out the online form via the City’s website (www.pasco-wa.gov/publiccomment) to obtain access information to comment. Requests to comment in meetings must be received by 4:00 p.m. on the day of this workshop. The Pasco City Council Workshops are broadcast live on PSC-TV Channel 191 on Charter/Spectrum Cable in Pasco and Richland and streamed at www.pasco-wa.gov/psctvlive and on the City’s Facebook page at www.facebook.com/cityofPasco. To listen to the meeting via phone, call 1-332-249-0718 and use access code 983 518 116#. Audio equipment available for the hearing impaired; contact the Clerk for assistance. Servicio de intéprete puede estar disponible con aviso. Por favor avisa la Secretaria Municipal dos dias antes para garantizar la disponiblidad. (Spanish language interpreter service may be provided upon request. Please provide two business day's notice to the City Clerk to ensure availability.) 2. CALL TO ORDER 3. ROLL CALL 4. VERBAL REPORTS FROM COUNCILMEMBERS 5. ITEMS FOR DISCUSSION WITH OPPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC COMMENT – the public may comment on each topic scheduled for discussion, up to 2 minutes per person with a total of 8 minutes per item. If opposing sides wish to speak, then both sides receive an equal amount of time to speak or up to 4 minutes each side. Page 1 of 28 3 - 10 (a) Discontinue Fluoridation in Drinking Water Communications Plan and Timeline (5 minute staff presentation) 11 - 13 (b) Overview of Payment Transaction Fees 14 - 26 (c) Resolution - Acceptance of Work for MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium - Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) (5 minute staff presentation) 6. MISCELLANEOUS COUNCIL DISCUSSION 7. EXECUTIVE SESSION 8. ADJOURNMENT 9. ADDITIONAL NOTES 27 - 28 (a) Adopted Council Goals (Reference Only) (b) This meeting is broadcast live on PSC-TV Channel 191 on Charter/Spectrum Cable in Pasco and Richland and streamed at www.pasco-wa.gov/psctvlive. Audio equipment available for the hearing impaired; contact the City Clerk for assistance. Servicio de intérprete puede estar disponible con aviso. Por favor avisa la Secretaria Municipal dos días antes para garantizar la disponibilidad. (Spanish language interpreter service may be provided upon request. Please provide two business day's notice to the City Clerk to ensure availability.) Page 2 of 28 AGENDA REPORT FOR: City Council June 11, 2025 TO: Dave Zabell, Interim City Manager City Council Workshop Meeting: 6/23/25 FROM: Dave Zabell, City Manager City Manager SUBJECT: Discontinue Fluoridation in Drinking Water Communications Plan and Timeline (5 minute staff presentation) I. ATTACHMENT(S): Proposed Communication Plan Office of Drinking Water Notification Form II. ACTION REQUESTED OF COUNCIL / STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS: Discussion III. FISCAL IMPACT: N/A IV. HISTORY AND FACTS BRIEF: City of Pasco owns and operates a Potable Water System (Water System ID 66400) serving approximately 23,700 customer accounts within City limits and Urban 2406, No. Resolution via Council, City Pasco The Area. Growth authorized fluoridation to the drinking water supply on November 2, 1998. Drinking water provided to customers is currently fluoridated at levels compliant with State recommendation. Washington State does not require public water systems to add fluoride to drinking water. The decision to fluoridate drinking water is a local decision. After a community makes the decision to fluoridate its drinking water, the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) provides technical assistance to ensure fluoridation treatment is designed, installed, and operated in a manner that meets fluoride safety standards. Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 246-290-460, Fluoridation of drinking water, sets the allowed fluoridation concentration range for water systems that add fluoride to their water for dental health benefits. Page 3 of 28 The ongoing debate over water fluoridation involves a wide range of scientific evidence and public health considerations. Supporters highlight its proven benefits in preventing cavities and improving oral health, while opponents raise concerns about potential risks, particularly related to cognitive development. Below is a summary of the key arguments from both sides. Pro-Fluoridation  The CDC has recognized community water fluoridation as one of the 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century, citing its role in significantly reducing tooth decay since it began in 1945.  Currently, approximately 75% of Americans receive fluoridated water through their public water systems.  Numerous studies demonstrate that widespread fluoridation effectively prevents cavities, resulting in substantial savings for families and the healthcare system. It is also considered an equitable public health measure, improving oral health regardless of age, income, or education level.  Research shows that schoolchildren in communities with fluoridated water have, on average, 2.25 fewer decayed teeth compared to children in non-fluoridated communities.  The U.S. Community Preventive Services Task Force issued strong recommendations in both 2001 and 2013 supporting community water fluoridation as a key strategy for preventing and controlling tooth decay. Anti-Fluoridation  Recent research has raised concerns about potential negative impacts of cognitive effects possible on particularly exposure, fluoride its development.  A 2024 monograph from the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) suggested there could be a link between higher fluoride levels (above 1.5 mg per liter, more than double the amount recommended by the CDC) primarily studies these However, IQ in lower and children. involved populations outside the U.S. with naturally high fluoride levels, and their applicability to fluoridation practices here remains uncertain. The NTP concluded that further research is needed to fully understand whether lower levels of fluoride exposure could impact children’s IQ.  Fluoride is more widely available today in products like toothpaste and mouthwash than was the case decades ago at the time fluoride was starting to be added to public drinking water systems. Requirements for Discontinuation of Fluoride Treatments On July 23, 2023, RCW 70A.125.210, Fluoridation of Water Supply-Commencing or Discontinuing-Notice, went into effect. The purpose of this RCW is to set notification requirements for public water systems that want to start adding fluoride to their drinking water, or systems that would like to stop adding Page 4 of 28 fluoride to their drinking water. Public water systems considering starting or discontinuing fluoridation of their water on a continuing basis must notify their customers and the Office of Drinking Water (ODW) at Department of Health (DOH), at least 90 days prior to a vote or decision on the matter. Water systems can notify customers by radio, television, newspaper, regular mail, electronically, or by any combination of methods that most effectively notify customers. If a water system fails to meet the new notification requirements it must continue its current fluoridation practice until it meets the notification requirements. For additional resources DOH has a section on their website dedicated to information on the fluoridation of drinking water: Fluoridation Drinking Water | of Washington State Department of Health . V. DISCUSSION: At their June 16th, 2025 meeting, the City Council moved to initiate the process for consideration of the discontinuation of fluoridation in drinking water supply, and to proceed with the required notifications and public process in accordance with public state initiated mandated The 70A.125.210. RCW motion the notification process required prior to any final decision on the elimination of fluoridation, in accordance with RCW 70A.125.210. Public notification is a key requirement prior to a final determination and vote on this matter by Council. Attached is proposed communication plan with various outreach methods and cost impact of each form of engagement, as well as, the timeline for this action. Staff is looking for guidance on: 1. Engagement Options - Council's direction on which options staff should pursue, which include but are not limited to:  Recorded Phone Messages and Emails - Highly recommend these options as they help staff to show the public outreach in most direct manner.  TV and Radio  Social Media  Online survey  Public Hearings  Advisory ballot measure 2. In addition, staff is seeking Council's preference which respect to scheduling:  Timing and number of public hearings before Council.  Council's preference as to when they wish to take final action on this matter. Reminder that final action to discontinue fluoridation of the drinking water and subsequent notice to Washington State Department of Health will initiate a 90-day period after which fluoridation can be Page 5 of 28 discontinued. As Council is aware, there are opinions on both sides of the issue, and considerable analysis by proponents and opponents of fluoridation. As the question becomes known within the community, it is reasonable to think interest will be high. Page 6 of 28 Proposed Communications Plan Water Fluoridation Outreach Background The City of Pasco provides water service to approximately 23,700 utility accounts, supporting a residential population of over 80,000 —plus a larger daytime population that includes those who work within city limits. Pasco City Council is currently considering the option of removing fluoride from the City’s water system. Key Messages • Pasco City Council is exploring th e option of discontin uing the addition of fluoride to the public water supply. • Pasco City Council wants customer feedback on whether or not to discontinue the addition of fluoride to the public water supply. Please take this survey and/or attend the public hearings. • Washington State law says that each City (municipality) decide s whether to include fluoride in their public water supply. Pasco has added fluoride since 1998 at levels suggested by the Department of Health (0.7 ppm). • Most public water systems h ave some level of naturally occurring fluoride in their water. Target Audiences • Water Utility Customers: Utility account holders (i.e. the person who pays the utility bill ). • Water Utility Users: This includes residents who may not be an account holder, like an apartment resident or an employee at Pasco businesses. Outreach Methods Options ❑ Recorded Phone Messages - :90 second recorded phone messages sent to all water utility customers with phone numbers listed (23,553) in their account in English, Spanish and Russian . (Cost: estimated $3,532) ❑ Direct Email- Email messages to all utility customers with emails listed (11,369) in their accounts in English, Spanish and Russian . (Cost: already included in Communications budget) ❑ Utility Bill notification - Paragraph included in customer utility bills in Spanish and English. (Cost: none) ❑ TV- :30 second ads in Spanish and English on Apple Valley News Now, MeTV and Estrella (Cost: Production only, estimated $400 -$600) Page 7 of 28 ❑ Radio- :30 second ads in Spanish on Alcon and Five-minute interview on KONA radio in English (Cost: already included in communications budget) ❑ Social Media- Frequent posts of varying types (reels, stories, carousels, infographics, etc.) on Facebook, Instagram, Nex tDoor and LinkedIn (Cost: Suggested boost budget of $200 for geo -targeted ads) ❑ Digital Package- Graphics in English, Spanish and Russian and written content created for the website (translated into all languages based on personal browser settings), Novisign (City Hall TV displays), Chambers of Commerce, School District and press packets (Cost: none) ❑ Media Outreach - Press releases sent in English and Spanish at each milestone (Cost: none) ❑ Public Hearings - Host two virtual and in -person public hearings with Spanish and Russian translation available (Cost: estimated $600-$800 for translation services) ❑ Online Survey Form- Create and publicize an online form to gauge public opinion available in all languages with a “live or work in Pasco” qualifier (Cost: none) Timeline June • Monday, June 23rd : Council ’s guidance on Communications & Outreach Plan • Tuesday, June 24th-Wednesday June 25th: Scripts, messaging, graphics, survey and web content created and finalized. • Thursday June 26 th- Friday, June 27th: Phone calls and emails sent to Water Utility Customers. • Monday, June 30th: Notices to DOH and ODW can be sent, beginning the 90- day clock. • July 1st to September 29th: 90-day outreach period including: o Media outreach - press releases on Ju ne 30th , July 30th , September 10th , October 1st o Public Hearings- August 4th and September 15th o Social media outreach and engagement o Surveys open from June 26 th to October 1st o Utility billing notices sent in July, August, September and October o TV and Radio ads run for July, August and September • September 29th: 90-day notification requirement ends • October 6th (regular), October 14th (would need to be special, also on a Tuesday), or October 20 th (regular): Set for Council action Draft Survey Questions 1. Do you or your dependents live, work or attend school in Pasco? (mandatory, check box) Page 8 of 28 a. Yes b. No 2. Do you support or oppose the removal of fluoride in Pasco’s public water supply? (mandatory, check box) a. I support the removal of fluoride from Pasco’s public water supply. b. I oppose the removal of fluoride from Pasco’s public water supply . 3. Do you have any comments you wish to add? (optional, text box) 4. If you w ould like to receive email updates on the decision process, please add your email address: (optional, text box) Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) • Engagement: Track website visits, survey submissions, and social media interactions and reach. • Public Participation : Monitor public hearing attendance and survey participation. Page 9 of 28 Public Notification Form Notification of Water Fluoridation Change 331-772 • April 2025 1 For ODW Office Use Only Entered By Click or tap here to enter text. Date Click or tap to enter a date. Washington State RCW 70A.125.210 requires that a public water system considering commencing or discontinuing fluoridation of its water supply on a continuing basis must notify the Washington State Department of Health (DOH), Office of Drinking Water (ODW) and its water customers at least 90 days prior to any vote or decision on the matter. Date Received Click or tap to enter a date. Public Water System Name Public Water System Number Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. Email Address Phone Number Fax Number Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. Anticipated Date of Vote Click or tap to enter a date. Type of modification being considered (check appropriate box). ☐ Adding Fluoridation. If after the vote fluoride is to be added, an official letter, along with detailed plans and specifications for the fluoride feed equipment, must be submitted to the Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water. ☐ Removing Fluoridation. If after the vote fluoridation is to be removed, an official letter must be submitted to the Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water. Any additional requirements for treatment removal will be communicated to the system by the Department in writing. Check all types of notifications used to inform customers of the vote. List date of notification of each type. Notice on bill Date Click for Date Radio Date Click for Date Television Date Click for Date Newspaper Date Click for Date Mailing Date Click for Date Email Date Click for Date Other (Describe notification method) Click or tap here to enter text. Please attach a copy of the language used in the water system’s notification. Submit this form and attached documentation to the Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water at least 90 days before the anticipated vote on fluoride modification. Email this form to fluoride@doh.wa.gov with the subject line “Notification of Fluoridation Change.” Pursuant to RCW 70A.125.210, any public water system that violates the notification requirements of this section shall return the fluoridation of its water supply to its previous level until proper notification is provided under the provisions of this section. Printed Name Click or tap here to enter text. Title Click or tap here to enter text. Signature Click or tap here to enter text. Date Click or tap to enter a date. For more information or assistance completing this form, contact the Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water at fluoride@doh.wa.gov. To request this document in another format, call 1-800-525-0127. Deaf or hard of hearing customers, please call 711 (Washington Relay) or email doh.information@doh.wa.gov. If in need of translation services, call 1-800- 525-0127. Page 10 of 28 AGENDA REPORT FOR: City Council June 19, 2025 TO: Dave Zabell, Interim City Manager City Council Workshop Meeting: 6/23/25 FROM: Richa Sigdel, Deputy City Manager City Manager SUBJECT: Overview of Payment Transaction Fees I. ATTACHMENT(S): II. ACTION REQUESTED OF COUNCIL / STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS: Discussion III. FISCAL IMPACT: NA IV. HISTORY AND FACTS BRIEF: City of Pasco provides a range of essential services to its residents, including utilities (water, sewer, storm water, irrigation and ambulance). City also provides payment options for ambulance, recreational services and cemetery. To enhance convenience and accessibility, the city offers electronic payment options for these services. Currently, the City contracts with Paymentus as its main payment processor, with the contract set to expire in November 2025. Due to this, as new services have been added, City has added new payment providers, for e.g., Tri-Cities Animal Services. The annual cost for electronic payment services is approximately $530,000, with over 90% attributed to utility service payments. At present, the City absorbs all payment transaction fees rather than passing them on to customers. Payment processing fees vary depending on the method and type of payment. For utility payments, an ACH transaction costs $1.10, while a card transaction costs $2.20. Non-utility payments incur a fee of around 2.5% to 3.0% for card payments and a $1.10 per transaction fee for ACH payments. Currently, 25% of online payments are made via ACH, which helps reduce staff time spent processing physical checks. The City implemented a new utility billing system and is working to introduce an Page 11 of 28 online payment options for permit fees by the end of July. These changes, along with industry trends where software providers often include their own payment processors, requires city to review its current payment processing model. V. DISCUSSION: Staff have been working on providing online and credit card payment option for permit fees. For any city, permit and utility fees are the largest transactions and hence result in highest level of payment transaction fees. Due to the current contract with Paymentus, and the permit system allowing Paymentus as its payment provider, staff is in the process of rolling out an online payment option for permit fee payment. As presented to Council before, lack of online payment options was a significant issues for developers; the cost of time and resources to send staff to the City Hall or wait for check to be mailed was a major hassle, significantly behind times, and poor customer service. Similarly, as staff discussed strain to General and Utility budget, this area is important to discuss; especially when expanding online payment of permit fees. Cities across the country employ various models, from absorbing all costs to passing on all fees. Utility and non-utility payments are very different due the volume and frequency of utility customers. It may be prudent to incentivize online payments where possible, especially for Utility payments. For example, charging for ACH payment MAY guide some customers to mail physical checks, increasing the processing cost for the City. Staff is seeking guidance from the Council on two main issues: the treatment of payment processing fees for non-utility (permit, cemetery fees etc.) and utility payments. For non-utility payments, three options are under consideration: (1) passing on all fees, (2) absorbing all fees (estimated annual impact of $160,000), or (3) absorbing ACH fees while passing on card fees (with an estimated annual impact of $7,000). For utility payments, the options are similar: (1) passing on all fees, (2) continuing to absorb all fees (the current model, estimated annual impact of $500,000), or (3) absorbing ACH fees while passing on card fees (with an estimated annual impact of $250,000). Staff recommends delaying changes to utility payment fees until a new contract is in place to manage budget impacts and reduce customer confusion. Once the Council provides direction, staff will bring changes to the municipal code. While changes for non-utility fees can be implemented by mid-July, additional coordination and change management will be required for utility Page 12 of 28 payments. Staff highly recommends waiting for the change in contract to implement any modifications to utility payment fees. Page 13 of 28 AGENDA REPORT FOR: City Council June 17, 2025 TO: Dave Zabel, Interim City Manager City Council Workshop Meeting: 6/23/25 FROM: Maria Serra, Director Public Works SUBJECT: Resolution - Acceptance of Work for MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium - Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) (5 minute staff presentation) I. ATTACHMENT(S): Resolution PowerPoint Presentation II. ACTION REQUESTED OF COUNCIL / STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS: Discussion III. FISCAL IMPACT: The Minor League Baseball (MLB) Required improvements at GESA Stadium for the Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) Project (No. 24620) construction contract was awarded to CMR General Contractor LLC of Pasco WA on March 4, 2025, in the amount of $45,481.00. The project is now complete and was constructed per project specifications. Final construction costs paid totaled $45,481.00. There were no change orders for the project. This project was funded through a State of Washington Department of Commerce Grant and local funds. IV. HISTORY AND FACTS BRIEF: As part of a long-term project to improve GESA Stadium and in order to satisfy new standards for Minor League Baseball (MLB) Parks imposed by MLB and to preserve the presence of the Tri-Cities Dust Devils baseball team within the community, City staff worked with the Dust Devils and MLB to identify required improvements to the stadium to improve both player and fan experience. Page 14 of 28 In 2019, fan seating and lighting upgrades were completed. In 2021, new batting cages were installed. In 2023, both home and visiting team's clubhouses were remodeled, locker rooms were expanded, and an umpire locker room was created. During its last session, the State Legislature approved an appropriation of $3,000,000 to fund this year's GESA Stadium Improvements. This season’s improvements include upgrading the outfield lighting, installing expanded safety netting along the seating areas, replacing the outfield fence system, adding a new batter’s eye and foul poles, dugout seating additions, updating the sound and surveillance systems, creating a new locker room for female staff, installing new video boards, and expanding and enclosing the batting cages. Tonight's proposed action specifically focuses on the dugout bench additions. The project is complete and the materials and workmanship meets the standards specified in the contract documents. V. DISCUSSION: Staff recommends approval of the proposed Resolution accepting the work performed by CMR General Contractor LLC for the Construction of the MLB required improvements at GESA Stadium for Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) Project. Page 15 of 28 Resolution – Gesa Stadium Dugout Benches Project Acceptance- 1 RESOLUTION NO. ________ A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY OF PASCO, WASHINGTON, ACCEPTING WORK PERFORMED BY CMR GENERAL CONTRACTOR LLC, UNDER CONTRACT FOR THE MLB REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS AT GESA STADIUM – DUGOUT BENCH ADDITIONS (PHASE 1-B) PROJECT. WHEREAS, the work performed by CMR General Contractor LLC, under contract for Project No. 24620 MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium - Dugout Bench Additions (Phase1-B) has been examined by City of Pasco (City) Staff and been found to be in apparent compliance with the applicable project specifications and drawings; and WHEREAS, it is the City Staff’s recommendation that the City formally accept the contractor's work and the project as complete. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PASCO, WASHINGTON: That the City Council concurs with City Staff’s recommendation and thereby accepts the work performed by CMR General Contractor LLC, under contract for Project No. 24620 MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium – Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) as being completed in apparent compliance with the project specifications and drawings. Be It Further Resolved, that the City Clerk is hereby directed to notify the Washington State Department of Revenue of this acceptance. Be It Further Resolved, that the final payment of retainage being withheld, pursuant to RCW 60.28.011, regulations and administrative process, shall be released upon apparent compliance with and satisfaction of applicable project specifications and verification thereof by Public Works Department staff and Finance Director. Be It Further Resolved, that this Resolution shall take effect immediately. Page 16 of 28 Resolution – Gesa Stadium Dugout Benches Project Acceptance- 2 PASSED by the City Council of the City of Pasco, Washington, on this ___ day of _____, 2025. _____________________________ Pete Serrano Mayor ATTEST: APPROVED AS TO FORM: _____________________________ ___________________________ Debra Barham, CMC Kerr Ferguson Law, PLLC City Clerk City Attorneys Page 17 of 28 Pasco City Council June 23,2025 Workshop Pa g e 1 8 o f 2 8 Acceptance of Work- MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium- Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) Project #24620 June 23, 2025 Pasco City Council Pa g e 1 9 o f 2 8 Project #24620 MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium – Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) 3 Pa g e 2 0 o f 2 8 Before MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium – Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) 4 Pa g e 2 1 o f 2 8 In Progress MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium – Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) 5 Pa g e 2 2 o f 2 8 After MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium – Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) 6 Pa g e 2 3 o f 2 8 MLB Required Improvements at GESA Stadium – Dugout Bench Additions (Phase 1-B) 7 Construction Costs $ 55,000.00- 70,000.00Engineers Estimate $ 45,481.00Bid Award $0Change Orders $45,481.00Final Construction Costs Pa g e 2 4 o f 2 8 Questions? 8 Pa g e 2 5 o f 2 8 Thank You! Pa g e 2 6 o f 2 8 Promote a high-quality of life through quality programs, services and appropriate investment and re- investment in community infrastructure. City Council Goals QUALITY OF LIFE 2024-2025 Enhance the long-term viability, value, and service levels of services and programs. FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Promote a highly functional multi-modal transportation system. COMMUNITY TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Implement targeted strategies to reduce crime through strategic investments in infrastructure, staffing, and equipment. COMMUNITY SAFETY Promote and encourage economic vitality. ECONOMIC VITALITY Identify opportunities to enhance City of Pasco identity, cohesion, and image. CITY IDENTITY Page 27 of 28 METAS DEL CONCEJO MUNICIPAL 2024-2025 Promover una alta calidad de vida a través de programas, servicios y inversion apropiada y reinversión en la comunidad infraestructura comunitaria. CALIDAD DE VIDA Promover viabilidad financiera a largo plazo, valor, y niveles de calidad de los servicios y programas. SOSTENIBIILIDAD FINANCIERA Promover un sistema de transporte multimodal altamente funcional. RED DE TRANSPORTE DE LA COMUNIDAD Implementar estrategias específicas para reducir la delincuencia por medios de inversiones estratégicas en infraestructura, personal y equipo. SEGURIDAD DE NUESTRA COMUNIDAD Promover y fomentar vitalidad económica. VITALIDAD ECONOMICA Identificar oportunidades para mejorar la identidad comunitaria, la cohesión, y la imagen. IDENTIDAD COMUNITARIA Page 28 of 28